tinjoy kuli2y

CSC 121 As I see it 009

2008-09-04T19:59:00.000-07:00

Oracle Database

Making database in Oracle Database:

1. Select the Database Create Database Profiles main menu item to create profiles for the existing databases.

2. After you have created the required database profiles (Create Database Profile Wizard) they appear in the explorer tree on the left. Now you can establish connection to the database. If connection succeeds, the database node expands displaying the tree of its objects.

Creation of Oracle Tables:

1. New tables are created within Create Table Wizard. In order to run the wizard you should either:-select the Object Create Database Object... main menu item;

2. Select the Table icon in the Create Database Object dialog or select the Tables list or any object from that list in the explorer tree;

3. Select the Create New Table... item from the popup menu or open and the Tables tab there;

4. Press the Insert key or select the Create New Table item from the popup menu (alternatively, you may use the corresponding link of the Navigation Bar).

Note: In Oracle, you can only control read/write capability for an entire tablespace, not for a single table within a tablespace. So, if you want all the tables in a tablespace to be read-only, use the following command:


ALTER TABLESPACE  READ ONLY;

To reverse the change and set all the tables in the tablespace back to read-write mode, use this code:


ALTER TABLESPACE  READ WRITE;

Despite that limitation, you can simulate a read-only table by simply preventing all table modifications using a trigger. To do that, create a trigger as follows.


SQL> create or replace trigger emp_sal_read_only
2 before insert or update or delete
3 on emp_sal_tbl
4 begin
5 raise_application_error (-20001, 'Table EMP_SAL_TBL is read only,
  You cannot make changes to the data.');
6 end;
7 /
Trigger created.

FileMaker Pro

Making database in FileMaker Pro Database:

Note: Plan the database. Determine the purpose of the database and the information to be input into the database.

Decide what specific fields are needed, what types of fields and how the database should look.

Think about how the database may be used in the future and who should have access to the layouts, scripts and field definitions.

1. Select the "File" menu and choose "New Database." If the "FileMaker Quick Start" screen appears, choose "Create Empty Database" and click "OK." Otherwise, the "New File" dialog box will appear.

2. Type a file name in the "New File" box. Be certain to give it a unique name; otherwise, the file name could overwrite another database. Navigate to the folder where the file will reside. Click "Save." The "Manage Database" box will appear.

3. Define a field by giving the field a name and determining any applicable options. Specify the field type, such as text or number. While FileMaker Pro will allow changing the type of field at a later date, there are restrictions on the type of information it will retain in the changed field. Continue defining the fields until all fields are entered.

4. Click "Done" when all fields have been defined. A basic layout with all the fields will appear.

Making tables in FileMaker Pro:

1. Open Database Editor and the Tables tab there;

2. Press the Insert key or select the Create New Table item from the popup menu (alternatively, you may use the corresponding link of the Navigation Bar).

3. Type a table name in the pop up menu box. Be certain to give it a unique name; otherwise, the name could overwrite another table. Navigate to the folder where the file will reside. Click "Save." The table you've just created will appear.

SQLite

Making database in SQLite Database:

1. Just click the "Create New Database" button from the main menu item.

2. This will lead you to the Create Database Wizard

3. Once you have accomplish filling up some informations in the Wizard window, you have now your database.

Making tables in SQLite Database:

Note: In making tables, you must first connect to a database.

To be conected just;

1. Open the DB by simply double clicking it. For an example ill use TFS/Forgotten.
2. Click on "Accounts" and make sure your in the "Edit Data" Tab which is in the window to the right.
3. Double click in each window under.. Ex, Account, Password Etc... This image has been resized.
4. After you have entered all the information , you will see blue icons like arrows or checks. Click on the "Check" which will say post if you leave your mouse icon on it. After that click on the account table and press F5 to refresh.

*Once you have connected, just right-click the database item in the explorer tree. Then, click "Create New Table".

Another way is to:

• select the Tables list or any object from that list in the explorer tree;

• select the Create New Table... item from the popup menu

FIREBIRD MAESTRO

Making database in Firebird Database:

1. Database are made in the Create Database Wizard.
2. To run the Create Database Wizard, select the Database Create New Database... main menu item or click the Create New Database button on the main toolbar.
3. The first wizard step allows you to set a name of the new database.
4. Database Editor allows you to browse all the database objects and its main properties. There is possible to create, edit and drop database sub-items.

5. You should accomplish filling up some informations in the Wizard window and set the server into an embedded one for you to be connected to the database.

6. Click ready and you have now your database.

Making tables in Firebird database:

New tables are created within Create Table Wizard. In order to run the wizard you should either

•
select the Object Create Database Object... main menu item;
•
select the Table icon in the Create Database Object dialog
or
•
select the Tables list or any object from that list in the explorer tree;
•
select the Create New Table... item from the popup menu
or
•
open Database Editor and the Tables tab there;
•
press the Insert key or select the Create New Table item from the popup menu (alternatively, you may use the corresponding link of the Navigation Bar).

To create a new table with the same properties as one of the existing tables has:

•
select the Object Duplicate Database Object... main menu item;
•
follow the instructions of Duplicate Object Wizard.

CSC 121 As I see it 008

2008-08-10T20:06:00.000-07:00

History of Firebird Maestro 7.12

1. Version 6.7
- features: Object Browser, some interface improvements.

2. Version 6.12
-features: tabbed interface, OLAP viewer, script executor, improved BLOB editor and more.

3. Version 7.3
-introduces graphical Database Designer, a tool to represent Firebird tables and relationships as ER Diagrams.

4. Version 7.7
-includes support for embedded server and some Firebird 2.1 new features as well as a possibility of managing Unicode/UTF-8 data.

5. Version 7.9
-introduces column reordering, SQL Formatter and some other features.

6. Version 7.12
-features new SQL Generator tool, improved data management and some other useful things.

.

CSC 121 As I See it 007

2008-07-16T18:05:00.000-07:00

Distinguish the Difference/Relationships between folder,file,records, and fields:

1. Folder
- contains records, and in which each record is specified in a single line.
2. File
-stores information
3. Record
-An item or collection of data
4. Fields
-is a place where you can store data.

Relationship:

-Information in the database is generally stored in several different files. Each file consists of series of records. Each records consists of several fields, with each field containing an individual data item.

- an individual database as a whole has a lot of related files with related records on it. A single record is composed of related fields in which each of that field has related attributes. Inside each field, there are related data which constitute the field. The data is the last constituent of the whole system. It is the fundamental among all since when data is grouped and related to each other it will constitute a field then a record then into a file and finally into a database.

-fields, records, files and objects optimized to deal with very large amounts of data stored on a permanent structure.

CSC 121 As I See It 006

2008-07-09T23:03:00.000-07:00

Differentiate all the basic and alternative database models :

Hierarchical

This is a tree structured model for a database. It requires that the application knows about the physical relationships between entities. The structure is rigid. Hierarchical structures were widely used in the early mainframe database management systems. This structure allows one 1:N relationship between two types of data and is very efficient to describe many relationships in the real world; recipes, table of contents, ordering of paragraphs/verses, any nested and sorted information. However, the hierarchical structure is inefficient for certain database operations when a full path is not also included for each record.

ex. IMS is a hierarchical database.

Network

An extension of the tree into a lattice so that multiple relationships can be supported. This model is inflexible, requiring significant changes if relationships change. The network model is a variation on the hierarchical model, to the extent that it is built on the concept of multiple branches (lower-level structures) emanating from one or more nodes (higher-level structures), while the model differs from the hierchical model in that branches can be connected to multiple nodes. The network model is able to represent redundancy in data more efficiently than is the hierarchical model.

ex. CODASYL and IDMS is a network database.

Relational

This model is based on relational algebra and encompasses the rules developed by Codd. Most of the databases in commercial use now are relational. The model is flexible and extensible. It makes database management systems more independent of any particular application. Three key terms are used extensively in relational database models: relations, attributes, and domains. A relation is a table with columns and rows. The named columns of the relation are called attributes, and the domain is the set of values the attributes are allowed to take.

ex. Sybase, Oracle, Ingres.

Object

Object databases address the need to store more complex data types than are supported by the relational model. These databases attempt to bring the database world and the application programming world closer together, in particular by ensuring that the database uses the same type system as the application program. This aims to avoid the overhead of converting information between its representation in the database (for example as rows in tables) and its representation in the application program. At the same time, object databases attempt to introduce the key ideas of object programming into the world of databases
Object databases suffered because of a lack of standardization: although standards were defined by ODG, they were never implemented well enough to ensure interoperability between products. Nevertheless, object databases have been used successfully in many applications: usually specialized applications such as engineering databases or molecular biology databases rather than mainstream commercial data processing

CSC 121 As I see it 005

2008-07-05T18:46:00.000-07:00

10 examples of DBMS Software:

1. Oracle Database by Oracle Corporation
2. Adaptive Server Enterprise (ASE) by Sybase Corporation's
3.MySQL by MySQL AB
4. FileMaker from FileMaker Inc.
5. Informix by IBM
6. Microsoft Office Access, previously known as Microsoft Access, from Microsoft
7. PostgreSQL under a BSD-style license
8. OpenEdge Advanced Business Language, by Progress Software Corporation (PSC).
9. CSQL developed in sourceforge.net.
10. Visual FoxPro by Microsoft

"Oracle Database System"

An Oracle database system comprises at least one instance of the application, along with data storage. An instance comprises a set of operating-system processes and memory-structures that interact with the storage.

The Oracle RDBMS stores data logically in the form of tablespaces and physically in the form of data files. Tablespaces can contain various types of memory segments; for example, Data Segments. Extents comprise groups of contiguous data blocks. Data blocks form the basic units of data storage. At the physical level, data-files comprise one or more data blocks, where the block size can vary between data-files.

Oracle database management track its computer data storage with the help of information stored in the SYSTEM tablespace. The SYSTEM tablespace contains the data dictionary — and often (by default) indexes and clusters.

Each Oracle instance uses a System Global Area or SGA — a shared-memory area — to store its data and control-information. Oracle stores information here about the logical and physical structure of the database.

CSC 121 As I see it 004

2008-07-01T21:20:00.000-07:00

Correlate the following:

1. Data and Database

Information in the database is generally stored in several different files. Each file consists of series of records. Each records consists of several fields, with each field containing an individual data item. From this sentence, we can say that in a database, data are an important factor in which composes database. Data is important since in database is a huge collection of data that were organized according to their data types.

2. System and Management

System is the software program of the computer that coordinates the fuction of each hardware components of the computer. The system software works like a traffic inforcer inside the CPU since in every instructions given by the user, the system software coordinate all the hardware to accomplish the task. On the other hand, management is somewhat like managing the a whole integrated processing to accomplish a task. On this, all the hardware are helping each ohter to achieve what the user wants the computer to do. without the system software, the whole hardware components will be useless since the system software do all the coordination of the hardware components for them to work.

CSC 121 As I see it 003

2008-07-01T21:08:00.000-07:00

1. Why input data?

-We need to input data in order to process it by the CPU. When users input data, the user and the machine are interconnected to each other.
-We input data so that the computer program be completed.

2. why process data?

-Processing data means to overview the data inputed by the user and obtaining a meaningful information from the data.
-We process data to gain a factual information to be used in our daily lives.
After processing the data, it will become a new powerful information that can be used instantly.

3. Output for what?

- Output so that we can see the hard copies or back-up copies of what we make in the computer.
- To obtain the result of the processng of data.
- To display the outcome of the desired information from that data input by the user.

CSC As I See It 002

2008-06-24T22:01:00.000-07:00

Interrelate the ff:

1. Data
- it is a raw facts to be processed by the computer into information.
- refer to a collection of natural phenomena descriptors including the results of experience, observation or experiment, or a set of premises. This may consist of numbers, words, or images, particularly as measurements or observations of a set of variables.

2. Data Structure
- Is a way of storing data in a computer so that it can be used efficiently.
-is a way of storing data in a computer so that it can be used efficiently. Often a carefully chosen data structure will allow the most efficient algorithm to be used. The choice of the data structure often begins from the choice of an abstract data type. A well-designed data structure allows a variety of critical operations to be performed, using as few resources, both execution time and memory space, as possible. Data structures are implemented by a programming language as data types and the references and operations they provide.

3. Data Type
- In programming languages a data type is an attribute of a datum which tells the computer (and the programmer) something about the kind of datum it is.
-is an attribute of a datum which tells the computer (and the programmer) something about the kind of datum it is. This involves setting constraints on the datum, such as what values it can take and what operations may be performed upon it. Common data types may include: integers, floating-point numbers (decimals), and alphanumeric strings. For example, in the Java programming language, the "int" type represents the set of 32-bit integers ranging in value from -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647, as well as the operations that can be performed on integers, such as addition, subtraction, and multiplication. Colors, on the other hand, are represented by three bytes denoting the amounts each of red, green, and blue, and one string representing that color's name; allowable operations include addition and subtraction, but not multiplication.

4.Database Management System
- Computer Software designed for the purpose of managing databases based on a variety of data models.

Interelate:

Data are raw facts and figures which are processed into information. It is a recorded information. It can exist in a variety of forms. When data are related to each other, they can be organized into a sets forming data structures. Data structure is a manner in which data is organized and arranged usually with reference to computer storage or into the computer memory. The kind of data that can be represented on a computer program such as a whole number is called data types. When data is assigned a type, it cannot be treated like another type.

Data is a part of Database Management system since DBMS is a set of interrelated data records. It is a stored collection of the libraries data that are needed by organizations and individuals to meet their information processing and retrieval requirements. Data Structures and Data types are also related to DBMS because DBMS is categorized according to their data structures and data types. DBMS and Data Structure have similarities in their functions because they both arrange and organized data. Further more, Data structures are implemented by a programming language as data types and the references and operations they provide. And that's how Data, Data Structure, Data Types and DBMS are related to each other.

CSC As I see it! 001

2008-06-20T18:39:00.000-07:00

A. Parts of the Computer System:

1. CPU(Central Processing Unit) or Processor
-execute computer programs.

2. Storage:

a. Main Memory- directly accessible to the CPU.
b. Secondary Memory-not directly accessible by the CPU.

3. Peripheral Devices:

a. Input Devices-used to provide data and control signals to an information processing system.

b. Output Devices- used to communicate the results of data processing carried out by an information processing system to the outside world.

B. System:

Is a set of interacting or interdependent entities, real or abstract, forming an integrated whole. The concept of an 'integrated whole' can also be stated in terms of a system embodying a set of relationships which are differentiated from relationships of the set to other elements, and from relationships between an element of the set and elements not a part of the relational regime.

A system is a fundamental concept of system theory, which views the world as a complex system of interconnected parts. We determine a system by choosing the relevant interactions we want to consider plus choosing the system boundary —– or, equivalently, providing membership criteria to determine which entities are part of the system, and which entities are outside of the system and are therefore part of the environment of the system. We then make simplified representations (models) of the system in order to understand it and to predict or impact its future behavior.

C. Examples of Platforms:

a. Operating system platform examples
-Microsoft Windows
-Linux
-Mac OS backward compatibility via Rosetta
-WINE platform to behave like Microsoft Windows

b. Software platform examples
-Java - JDK and JRE
-NET Framework - operating system dependence (MS Windows)
-Mozilla Prism XUL and XUL Runner
-Adobe AIR

c. Hardware examples
-Mainframe computerwith its custom operating system, say an IBM.
-Midrange computer

D. Management:

Management in simple terms means the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals. Management comprises planning, organizing, resourcing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization (a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal. Resourcing encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural resources.

Management can also refer to the person or people who perform the act(s) of management.